{"id":139,"date":"2025-06-09T09:57:11","date_gmt":"2025-06-09T09:57:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eccofort.eu\/?page_id=139"},"modified":"2025-06-09T10:02:21","modified_gmt":"2025-06-09T10:02:21","slug":"forschung","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/eccofort.eu\/en\/forschung\/","title":{"rendered":"Research"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cultural heritage fortress monuments<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

All European regions have a rich heritage of fortified monuments and defence landscapes. This unique cultural heritage of \u201earchitectura militaris\u201c represents the special identity and attractiveness of Europe. Fortified towns and citadels, fortified palaces and castles, fortified sacred buildings, large fortresses and lines of defence tell of European history, of empires and dynasties. Representative of the important cultural heritage of the old continent, some fortresses are part of the UNESCO World Heritage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As cultural sites for art, tourism, leisure, architecture and history, fortified monuments today offer a high potential for valorisation with economic effects for cities and regions. Mobilising this tourism and economic potential is part of ECCOFORT's work.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is based on intensive ECCOFORT research into the identification, localisation and typification of the cultural heritage of fortified monuments from a touristic perspective. The resulting unique map series on the inventory and structure of the European cultural heritage of fortified monuments is one result.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Distribution in Europe<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Under the direction of ECCOFORT e.V., the surprisingly high density and distribution of fortress architecture in Europe is being researched. The period under consideration is the epochs from the introduction of firearms to the founding of the European Union. For the Central European region<\/strong> ECCOFORT e.V. created an overview map of the cultural heritage of fortress monuments for the first time in 2006, which is constantly being updated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Typing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The \u201earchitectura miltaris\u201c refers to the ancient art of building to protect people, their goods and their living space, an extraordinary cultural heritage from several millennia of European history.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Irrespective of any scientific, architectural or historical categorisation, ECCOFORT adopts a Catchy standardisation tailored to the tourism market<\/em><\/strong> into the following epochs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. Historical fortress construction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Epoch until 500 AD (Roman period)<\/h3>\n\n\n
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Defence line<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elongated defence system for securing larger areas as a border fortress, line fortress or territorial fortress; e.g: Limes, Great Wall of China<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Roman military camp, castrum<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Regular geometric arrangement of a military camp with all contemporary protective facilities for military and service personnel; e.g: Saalburg (DE), Aosta (IT), Augst (CH)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

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Epoch 500 to 1500 (Middle Ages)<\/h3>\n\n\n
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Medieval fortified town<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A town surrounded by medieval fortifications, usually town walls with gates and defence towers; e.g: Ahrweiler, Bad M\u00fcnstereifel, Z\u00fclpich (DE)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Medieval fortress<\/strong><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Medieval fortified castle \/ medieval castle with walls, ramparts, moats, towers - without fortification elements against artillery; e.g: Malbork (PL), Chateau Gaillard (FR), Lahneck Castle, Friedberg Castle, Sterrenberg Castle (DE)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

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Epoch 1500 to 1900 (modern times)<\/h3>\n\n\n
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Single fortress<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stand-alone military defence structure, usually consisting of functional military buildings, ramparts, ditches, bastions and gun emplacements, e.g. Mont Royal Fortress, Rheinfels Fortress, Rosenberg Fortress, K\u00f6nigstein Fortress (DE): Mont Royal Fortress, Rheinfels Fortress, Rosenberg Fortress, K\u00f6nigstein Fortress (DE)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Fortified ideal city<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Military town planned by military architects and engineers in the Renaissance with star-shaped or chessboard-like geometry of the streets and surrounding fortifications, e.g. Mannheim, J\u00fclich (DE), Longwy, Neuf Brisach (FR), Terezin (CZ), Palmanova (IT): Mannheim, J\u00fclich (DE), Longwy, Neuf Brisach (FR), Terezin (CZ), Palmanova (IT)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Fortified city<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A city surrounded by modern fortifications in an irregular geometry
e.g.: Germersheim, Nuremberg (DE), Piacenza, Padua (IT)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Large-scale system<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Central fortress with a ring-shaped chain of fortifications in front of it, such as forts and batteries, to secure towns and battlefields, e.g. Koblenz, Mainz (DE), Warsaw, Modlin (PL), Metz, Strasbourg (FR), Luxembourg (LUX): Koblenz, Mainz (DE), Warsaw, Modlin (PL), Metz, Strasbourg (FR), Luxembourg (LUX)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Citadel<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Independent part of a fortified town, usually geometrically strongly developed with bastions; final retreat for defenders, e.g. J\u00fclich, Mainz, Berlin (DE), Warsaw (PL), Diest (BE): J\u00fclich, Mainz, Berlin (DE), Warsaw (PL), Diest (BE)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Fastened lock<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Castle residence equipped with fortification elements, serving as protection against attackers or as an architectural decorative element, e.g: Eichst\u00e4tt Castle (DE), F\u00fcrstenstein Castle (PL), Helsingor (DK)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Fortified castle<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Medieval castle, which was supplemented or rebuilt with modern fortifications after the advent of firearms
e.g.: Hohenzollern Castle, Marburg (DE), Vianden (LUX), Eger (HU)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Fortified sacred building<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cathedrals, basilicas, monasteries, convents and also village churches, which are equipped with typical fortress components for the use of firearms, e.g: Ingelheim Castle Church (DE), Esztergom Basilica (HU), Melk and G\u00f6ttweig Abbeys (AT)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Lines of defence<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elongated defence system for securing larger areas as a border fortification, line fortification or territorial fortification
e.g: Graacher Schanze, Queichlinie (DE), Torres Vedras (POR)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

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II Fortress construction of the 20th century<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Epoch 1900 to 1945 (fortification construction of the world wars)<\/h3>\n\n\n
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Bunkers and emplacements<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heavily fortified shelter or room complex in reinforced concrete construction, constructed underground as a deep bunker.
e.g: Heldsberg, Krattigen (CH)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Designs as military bunkers, civilian air raid shelters or armaments bunkers.
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Bunker system<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heavily fortified, large-scale system of underground protective and functional structures
e.g.: Komplex Riese, Wolf's Lair (PL)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Lines of defence<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elongated defence system for securing larger areas as a border fortress, line fortress or territorial fortress
e.g: West Wall, Atlantic Wall, Maginot Line, Molotov Line<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

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Era 1945 to 1990 (fortress construction in the nuclear age and during the Cold War)<\/h3>\n\n\n
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Bunker<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Heavily fortified shelter or room complex in reinforced concrete construction, constructed underground as a deep bunker
e.g: Command bunker of the NVA and Bundeswehr, Bundesbank bunker Cochem (DE)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Designed as a military bunker, civil defence facility or government bunker.
<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n

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Lines of defence<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elongated defence system for securing larger areas as a border fortress, line fortress or territorial fortress
e.g: Iron Curtain<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

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<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kulturerbe Festungsmonumente Alle europ\u00e4ischen Regionen verf\u00fcgen \u00fcber ein reichhaltiges Erbe an befestigten Monumenten und Verteidigungslandschaften. Dieses einzigartige Kulturerbe der \u201earchitectura militaris\u201c repr\u00e4sentiert die besondere Identit\u00e4t und Attraktivit\u00e4t Europas. Befestigte St\u00e4dte und Zitadellen, fortifizierte Schl\u00f6sser und Burgen, wehrhafte Sakralbauten, Gro\u00dffestungen und Verteidigungslinien erz\u00e4hlen von europ\u00e4ischer Geschichte, von Reichen und Dynastien. Stellvertretend f\u00fcr das bedeutende Kulturerbe des […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"editor_plus_copied_stylings":"{}","pgc_sgb_lightbox_settings":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-139","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/eccofort.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/139","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/eccofort.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/eccofort.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eccofort.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/eccofort.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=139"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/eccofort.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/139\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":160,"href":"https:\/\/eccofort.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/139\/revisions\/160"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/eccofort.eu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=139"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}